System and method for electronic chat production

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and computer program products for adaptively splitting electronic chats are provided. One embodiment includes receiving, by an electronic discovery system executing on a computer processor, an electronic chat comprising a set of electronic chat messages, each of the electronic chat messages in the set of electronic chat messages having a timestamp; determining a set of time gaps between the electronic chat messages from the set of electronic chat messages; determining a set of models that model the set of time gaps, selecting an optimum model from the set of models; based on selecting the single Gaussian distribution as the optimum model, determining that the electronic chat comprises a single electronic chat message or based on selecting the Gaussian mixture model as the optimum model, performing an adaptive splitting of the set of electronic chat messages into a set of conversations based on the Gaussian mixture model.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e)to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/220,391, entitled “System andMethod for Electronic Chat Production,” filed Jul. 9, 2021, which ishereby fully incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to processing of electronic chat data.More particularly, this disclosure relates to methods and systems forprocessing electronic chat data for electronic discovery. Even moreparticularly, this disclosure relates to adaptively splitting electronicchats.

BACKGROUND

Many online collaboration platforms offer electronic chat services toallow collaborators to quickly exchange usually short messages. Asorganizations increasingly use the electronic chat functionalityprovided by the collaboration platforms, a growing volume of informationthat is potentially subject to legal production is contained inelectronic chats. In many cases, an organization does not own or controlthe database that contains its electronic chat data. Instead, thedatabase is owned and controlled by a third-party service provider, suchas an online collaboration platform provider, leaving the organizationlimited ways to retrieve the electronic chat data.

Electronic discovery (e-Discovery) generally refers to the collection,processing, analysis, classification, review, and production ofelectronically stored information (ESI) in legal proceedings.E-discovery tools use a document paradigm for ESI. While determiningdocument boundaries for many forms of electronic data, such as files, isrelatively straightforward, some forms of ESI, such as electronic chatdata, do not lend themselves well to the document paradigm.

In a typical e-discovery scenario, an organization subject to discoverywill provide criteria to the electronic chat service and the electronicchat service provider will return the electronic chat meeting thecriteria. The current solution is to treat each electronic chat as adocument for purposes of e-discovery, even though an electronic chat mayinclude a great number of messages on a wide variety of topics over along period of time. For example, the e-discovery tool stores the entireelectronic chat as a single document—for example, an XML document—andthen indexes that document as a whole for searching.

Treating an electronic chat as a document in e-discovery presentschallenges for the subsequent processing and analysis of the electronicchat. During e-discovery, the parties often agree to a set of keywordsto be used to search for relevant documents. Because an electronic chatas a whole is treated as a single document and indexed as such, a searchfor documents containing the keywords may locate the document embodyingthe entire electronic chat, even if only a few messages of theelectronic chat contain the keyword. A reviewer reviewing the documentprior to production for relevance, or to redact privileged information,confidential information or other information, or to classify thedocument, must then review the entire electronic chat document, whichmay span hundreds of pages, even though a large portion of theelectronic chat may not be relevant to the reviewer's task or, in somecases, the legal proceeding at all. Consequently, legal review ofelectronic chats is inefficient and error prone.

Not only does treating an entire electronic chat as a document havepotential negative effects for manual production review, but it can alsonegatively impact downstream machine learning or artificialintelligence-based processing of electronic chat documents. It isbecoming increasingly common in e-discovery to use machine learningbased classifiers to classify documents for subsequent processing basedon the content of the documents. A document embodying an electronic chatmay be classified as relevant to a particular topic even if only a smallnumber of messages are actually relevant to that topic. If an electronicchat covers multiple subjects, the machine learning classifier mayclassify the electronic chat document according to a potentially largenumber of topics. Once classified however, the entire document will betreated according to the assigned topic in subsequent processing andreview stages, leading to the unnecessary processing and review ofcontent not actually relevant to the topic. This inefficiency may becompounded if the topic-based processing and review is performedseparately for each topic.

As such, there is a need to improve computer-based technologies, such ase-discovery tools, that collect electronic chat data.

SUMMARY

Attention is thus directed to systems, methods, and computer programproducts for adaptively splitting electronic chats. One embodiment of acomputer-implemented method comprises a computer processor receiving anelectronic chat—for example, an electronic chat meeting a chat querycriterion—the electronic chat embodying a set of electronic chatmessages. The method can further include the computer processoradaptively splitting the set of electronic chat messages from theelectronic chat into a set of conversations, each conversation in theset of conversations comprising a subset of electronic chat messagesfrom the set of electronic chat messages. Each conversation in the setof conversations can be stored, for example, as a separate document.

As will be appreciated, each electronic chat message embodied in theelectronic chat has associated metadata. According to some embodiments,adaptively splitting the set of electronic chat messages into the set ofconversations comprises clustering the set of electronic chat messagesinto clusters based on the associated metadata of the electronic chatmessages from the set of electronic chat messages.

More particularly, each electronic chat message embodied in theelectronic chat has a timestamp. In some embodiments, adaptivelysplitting the set of electronic chat messages into the set ofconversations comprises clustering the set of electronic chat messagesinto clusters based on the timestamps of the electronic chat messagesfrom the set of electronic chat messages.

In some embodiments, messages are adaptively split into the set ofconversations based on the time gaps between adjacent messages in theelectronic chat. One embodiment can comprise the computer processordetermining a set of time gaps between adjacent messages from the set ofelectronic chat messages and determining a set of models that model theset of time gaps. According to one embodiment, determining the set ofmodels comprises determining a single Gaussian distribution of the setof time gaps and learning, using the set of time gaps, a Gaussianmixture model representing a mixture of Gaussian distributions.

A best model can be determined from the set of models. According to oneembodiment, selecting the model from the set of models comprisesdetermining a Bayesian information criterion for each model in the setof models and selecting the best model from the set of models based onthe Bayesian information criteria for the set of models.

In accordance with one embodiment, the electronic chat is not split intomultiple conversations if the single Gaussian distribution is selectedas the best model. On the other hand, adaptive splitting of the set ofelectronic chat messages into the set of conversations can be performedbased on the Gaussian mixture model if the Gaussian mixture model isselected as the best model.

In one embodiment, performing the adaptive splitting of the set ofelectronic chat messages into the set of conversations based on theGaussian mixture model comprises: selecting a time gap from the set oftime gaps and determining a probability of the selected time gap foreach Gaussian distribution in the mixture of Gaussian distributions toproduce a set of probabilities for the selected time gap. Based on adetermination that a highest probability from the set of probabilitiesfor the selected time gap is for the highest mean value Gaussiandistribution represented by the Gaussian mixture model, the electronicchat can be split into a new conversation at the selected time gap. Inaccordance with one embodiment, the electronic chat is not split at theselected time gap if the highest probability from the set ofprobabilities for the selected time gap is not for the highest meanvalue Gaussian distribution represented by the Gaussian mixture model.

One embodiment includes receiving, by an electronic discovery systemexecuting on a computer processor, an electronic chat comprising a setof electronic chat messages, each of the electronic chat messages havinga timestamp, determining a set of time gaps between the chat messages,determining a set of models that model the set of time gaps andselecting an optimum model from the set of models. According to oneembodiment, the electronic chat received is based on a chat querycriterion.

Determining the set of models can comprise determining a single Gaussiandistribution of the set of time gaps and determining, using the set oftime gaps, a Gaussian mixture model representing a mixture of Gaussiandistributions. Based on selecting the single Gaussian distribution asthe optimum model, it can be determined that the electronic chatcomprises a single electronic chat message. Based on selecting theGaussian mixture model as the optimum model, an adaptive splitting ofthe set of electronic chat messages into a set of conversations can beperformed based on the Gaussian mixture model.

According to one embodiment, determining a Gaussian mixture modelrepresenting a mixture of Gaussian distributions comprises learning theGaussian mixture model by modeling the mixture of Gaussiandistributions. Further, according to one embodiment, determining theGaussian mixture model includes setting a maximum number of Gaussiancomponents and modeling a set of Gaussian distributions from 2 throughthe maximum number of Gaussian components. Learning the Gaussian mixturemodel may comprise using an expectation maximization technique to learnthe Gaussian distributions of the Gaussian mixture model.

According to one embodiment, selecting an optimum model from the set ofmodels further comprises determining a Bayesian information criterionfor each model in the set of models and selecting the optimal model fromthe set of models based on the Bayesian information criteria for the setof models.

One embodiment may include the electronic discovery system determining ahighest mean value distribution from the mixture of Gaussiandistributions of the Gaussian mixture model. Adaptively splitting of theset of electronic chat messages into the set of conversations based onthe Gaussian mixture model may include selecting a time gap from the setof time gaps, determining a probability of the selected time gap foreach Gaussian distribution in the mixture of Gaussian distributions toproduce a set of probabilities for the selected time gap, and based on adetermination that a highest probability from the set of probabilitiesfor the selected time gap is for the highest mean value distribution,splitting the electronic chat based on the selected time gap to producethe set of conversations.

Another embodiment may include receiving, by an electronic discoverysystem executing on a computer processor, an electronic chat comprisinga set of electronic chat messages, each of the electronic chat messageshaving a timestamp, determining a set of time gaps between the chatmessages, determining a set of models that model the set of time gaps,and selecting an optimum model from the set of models. Determining theset of models may include determining, using the set of time gaps, aGaussian mixture model representing a mixture of Gaussian distributions.

Embodiments may further include performing an adaptive splitting of theset of electronic chat messages based on selecting the Gaussian mixturemodel as the optimum model and text analysis of the electronic chat. Theadaptive splitting may include splitting the set of electronic chatmessages into a set of conversations based on the Gaussian mixturemodel, performing text analysis on the set of conversations based onidentified one or more chat subject matter and splitting the set ofconversations based on identified one or more chat subject matter.

According to one embodiment, the chat subject matter is a set of chatsubject matters within a parent chat subject matter grouping. Further,according to one embodiment, receiving the electronic chat comprising aset of electronic chat messages is based on a chat query criterionidentifying the parent chat subject matter grouping.

According to one embodiment, the chat subject matter is a plurality ofchat subject matters. One embodiment may include, applying, by a textmining and classification engine, a text analysis on the electronic chatto derive the plurality of chat subject matters for the electronic chat.Further, one embodiment may include splitting the set of conversationsby identifying corresponding chat messages characterized by one of thechat subject matters.

Embodiments improve on computer-implemented technologies, such ase-discovery systems, that collect and process chat data. Adaptivelysplitting a chat into multiple conversations increases the precision ofdownstream processes, such as search indexing and machine-learning basedclassification and increases processing efficiency by reducing thedownstream processing of content not related to a particular search orclassification.

Embodiments further provide a mechanism to split messages intoconversations that do not require content analysis. Mechanisms describedherein allow adaptive splitting to be implemented without requiring theoverhead of content analysis as some embodiments do not requireanalyzing the content of the chat messages. Further, adaptive splittingcan be implemented based on unsupervised learning from the chat beinganalyzed and does not require a large historical training data set ofmessages for training. In some embodiments, a hierarchy of processingmay be used in which adaptive splitting according to mechanismsdescribed herein is used to split chats into conversations, and theconversations are used to train content-based predictive models or areclassified by content-based predictive models.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings accompanying and forming part of this specification areincluded to depict certain aspects of the disclosure. It should be notedthat the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawnto scale. A more complete understanding of the disclosure and theadvantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the followingdescription, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings inwhich like reference numbers indicate like features and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of computingecosystem comprising an e-discovery computer system connected to anelectronic chat system;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of splittingan electronic chat;

FIG. 3A illustrates an example set of time gap data;

FIG. 3B is a chart illustrating a plot of a single Gaussian distributionand a mixture of two Gaussian distributions determined from the data ofFIG. 3A;

FIG. 3C is a chart illustrating potential split points based on the dataof FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method forprocessing an electronic chat;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of adaptive splittingof an electronic chat into conversations;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of electronic chatsplitting into separate conversations based on time gap analysis andtext analysis of an electronic chat;

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a networkedcomputing environment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments and the various features and advantageous details thereofare explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodimentsthat are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in thefollowing description. Descriptions of well-known starting materials,processing techniques, components and equipment are omitted so as not tounnecessarily obscure the embodiments in detail. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the specificexamples are given by way of illustration only and not by way oflimitation. Various substitutions, modifications, additions and/orrearrangements within the spirit and/or scope of the underlyinginventive concept will become apparent to those skilled in the art fromthis disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a computing ecosystemcomprising an e-discovery computer system 100 connected by a network 102to an electronic chat system 104, such as an online collaborationplatform or other computer system that provides an electronic chatservice. Electronic chat system 104, according to one embodiment, is acloud-based or other online collaboration platform that provides anelectronic chat service. Electronic chat system 104 comprises a database106 of electronic chat data 108. In some embodiments, electronic chatsystem 104 is owned and operated independently from the organizations orother entities that utilize the electronic chat service. As such, aparticular organization's EIS may include electronic chat data containedin database 106 of which that organization does not have control or towhich the organization does not have direct access. Access to theorganization's electronic chat data may be achieved through anapplication programming interface (API) or other interface or accessmechanism that is pertinent to the electronic chat service.

E-discovery computer system 100 includes components that serve toretrieve electronic chat data from electronic chat system 104 andsegregate electronic chats received from electronic chat system 104 intological groupings of related messages (referred to herein asconversations) from the electronic chat for further processing. In theillustrated embodiment then, e-discovery computer system 100 includeselectronic chat interface 110, such as an API or other interface, tointerface with electronic chat system 104 and electronic chat splittercomponent 112 to segregate electronic chats into conversations. Theconversations produced by electronic chat splitter component 112 can beleveraged by other tools. The conversations in a data store 120 may beindexed by an indexing engine 118 for searching via a search engine 116.E-discovery computer system 100 may further include a variety ofe-discovery tools to review, redact, analyze, classify, or otherwiseprocess documents or conversations.

In operation, a user of e-discovery computer system 100 may submit aquery for electronic chat data meeting particular criteria, such aselectronic chat data associated with a particular custodian orelectronic chat data meeting date criteria. As will be appreciated, theparticular electronic chat search data criteria supported may depend onthe electronic chat system 104. In any case, electronic chat interface110 can be utilized to send an electronic chat query for electronicchats meeting particular criteria to electronic chat system 104 andreceive responsive electronic chats in return.

In general, electronic chat system 104 can return an electronic chatresponsive to the electronic chat search criteria. Various mechanismsmay be used to return an electronic chat. For example, electronic chatinterface 110 may receive each electronic chat as a corresponding fileor data stream. As a more particular example, each electronic chat maybe received as a corresponding XML file or XML stream. In some cases, anelectronic chat that meets the electronic chat search criteria willinclude all the messages in the electronic chat, even if the individualmessages do not meet the electronic chat search criteria.

E-discovery computer system 100 may thus receive an electronic chat130—by way of example, but not limitation, an XML file or XMLstream—that includes any number of messages by any number ofparticipants, over a potentially large period of time. In priordocument-based e-discovery systems, electronic chat 130 is stored as asingle electronic chat document 132 embodying all the messages from theelectronic chat, which can then be indexed or otherwise processed as anindividual document embodying the entire electronic chat. Embodimentsdescribed herein, however, include an electronic chat splitter component112 that processes received electronic chats to determine nconversations embodied in a particular electronic chat and, if n isgreater than one, segregates the conversations for further processing.For example, electronic chat splitter component 112 processes electronicchat 130 to extract conversations 134 a-134 n.

According to one embodiment, electronic chat splitter component 112stores the n extracted conversations as separate files or other datastructures for further processing. For example, electronic chat splittercomponent 112 stores conversations 134 a-134 n as separate conversationdocuments 136 a-136 n for further processing. As an even more particularexample, electronic chat splitter component 112 stores each conversation134 a-134 n extracted from electronic chat 130 as an individual file—forexample, an XML file.

Downstream processes may thus process the conversations extracted froman electronic chat. For example, indexing engine 118, which may be acomponent of or separate from search engine 116, separately indexes thedocuments 136 a-136 n as individual documents such that the extractedconversations are individually represented in the index 140. Asillustrated then, index 140 may for example associate terms withindividual conversation documents 136 a-136 n—which may also beconsidered electronic chat documents—instead of, or in addition to,associating the terms with electronic chat document 132 as a whole.Consequently, when a user using an e-discovery tool 114 searches fordocuments including “term1”, search engine 116 will return a referenceto conversation document 136 a (and any other documents containing theterm according to index 140). While index 140 is illustrated as aninverse index, index 140 may comprise other types of indexes in additionto, or as alternative to, an inverse index. Further, the documents 136a-136 n may be independently classifiable by machine learningclassifiers (e.g., machine learning classifier 115) utilized by thee-discovery tools.

Turning to FIG. 2 , a diagrammatic representation of splitting anelectronic chat 200 (for example, electronic chat 130) into nconversations is depicted, where n is one or more. Electronic chat 200may be received, for example, as a file, a data stream or according toanother format. As will be appreciated, an electronic chat is a logicalcontainer containing any number of messages (e.g., message 202 a-message202 m), by any number of different participants, created over a periodof time. Electronic chat 200 may include some electronic chat metadata204 that is common to all the messages in the electronic chat.Electronic chat metadata 204 may include, for example, an electronicchat identifier that uniquely identifies the electronic chat from otherelectronic chats maintained by the electronic chat service. Each messagemay also include message metadata (e.g., message metadata 208 a . . .message metadata 208 m) and content (e.g., message content 210 a . . .content 210 m). The message metadata of a message may include, forexample, a user identifier to identify the participant who sent themessage, a message id that uniquely identifies the message from othermessages in the electronic chat or other messages stored by theelectronic chat service and a timestamp indicating, for example, whenthe message was created or sent. The message content contains thecontent of the message created by the participant.

An electronic chat splitter component (e.g., electronic chat splittercomponent 112) applies rules to determine a number n of conversationsrepresented by the messages in electronic chat 200. In some embodiments,the electronic chat splitter may be configured with a minimum number ofmessages per conversation such that a split will not occur if aresulting conversation will have less than the configured number ofmessages. If n is greater than one, the electron chat splitter componentsegregates the messages based on conversation to create n conversations(e.g., conversation 220 a . . . conversation 220 n) from the electronicchat 200. If the electronic chat splitter component determines that themessages of electronic chat 200 represents a single conversation,electronic chat 200 can be stored as a single conversation. If theelectronic chat splitter component determines that the messages ofelectronic chat represent multiple conversations, then the electronicchat splitter component splits the messages into the appropriate numberof conversations.

According to one embodiment, each conversation includes conversationmetadata (e.g., conversation metadata 222 a . . . conversation metadata222 n) and messages from the electronic chat 200 from which theconversations were created. The conversation metadata may include, forexample, an indication of the electronic chat 200 from which theconversation was created or other metadata that links the conversationscreated from a particular chat, the identity of the conversation touniquely identify it from other conversations (e.g., other conversationscreated from the same electronic chat or other conversations in thesystem). In some embodiments, the conversation metadata may include allor a portion of the electronic chat metadata. For example, each ofconversation metadata 222 a . . . conversation metadata 222 n mayinclude all or a portion of electronic chat metadata 204.

According to one embodiment, if the messages of electronic chat 200represent a single conversation, the electronic chat splitter componentstores all the messages from that electronic chat as a singleconversation. If the messages of electronic chat 200 represent multipleconversations, then each conversation created from electronic chat 200will contain a respective subset of messages from the electronic chat200 from which the conversation was created.

The electronic chat splitter component stores each conversation (e.g.,conversation 220 a . . . conversation 220 n) created from electronicchat 200 as a separate logical entity. Even more particularly, in someembodiments, each conversation is stored as a separately indexable datastructure. In a document-centric e-discovery system, each conversationmay be stored as a separate document according to the storage paradigmof the e-discovery system. For example, each conversation may be storedas a separate file in some embodiments (e.g., an XML file or otherfile).

The electronic chat splitter component may use a number of mechanisms,based on any number of dimensions of metadata, to split an electronicchat into conversations. Examples include, but are not limited to,machine learning techniques such as k-means clustering, gaussian mixturemodels, or other unsupervised hard or soft clustering techniques orother machine learning models.

According to one embodiment, the electronic chat splitting componentadaptively splits electronic chats into conversations based on the timegaps represented in the electronic chat. In accordance with one aspectof the present disclosure, the electronic chat splitter componentapplies a model that embodies the assumptions that the probabilitydistribution for time gaps within a conversation is Gaussian and therange in values of time gaps between messages varies betweenconversations.

The time gaps between messages can be determined from the timestamps ofthe messages (e.g., from the message metadata 208 a-208 n). Turning toFIG. 3A, a graph illustrating a set of example data for an electronicchat that contains seventy-five messages is provided. In this graph,datapoint (x_(i)) represents the time delay (y-axis) between when amessage₁ and the prior message_((i-1)) from the electronic chat wasreceived (due to the scale, certain time gaps appear to be zero, whenthey may in fact be several seconds or minutes). For example, datapoint300 represents the first message in the chat, which has a delay of zeroseconds as there was no prior message in the chat. Datapoint 302represents the time gap (e.g., 3676 seconds) between message₂ (thesecond message in the electronic chat) and message₁ (the first messagein the electronic chat), datapoint 304 represents the time gap (e.g., 53seconds) between message₃ (the third message in the electronic chat) andmessage₂ (the second message in the electronic chat), datapoint 306represents the time gap (e.g., 101287 seconds) between message₄ (thefourth message in the electronic chat) and message₃ (the third messagein the electronic chat) and so on.

According to some embodiments, an electronic chat splitter component maydetermine a single gaussian distribution and a Gaussian mixture modelmodelling a mixture of k Gaussian components. FIG. 3B, for example, is achart illustrating a plot of a single Gaussian distribution (line 350)and a plot of a Gaussian mixture model modelling a mixture of twoGaussian distributions (line 352) determined based on the timedifferences of FIG. 3A. The x-axis represents time difference, and they-axis represents the loglikelihood. Various criteria can be used toselect which model (e.g., a single Gaussian distribution or a Gaussianmixture modelling a mixture of k Gaussian components best models thedata).

If the chat is best modelled by the single Gaussian distribution, thechat may be stored and be considered to be a single conversation. If thechat is best modelled by a Gaussian mixture model, the electronic chatsplitter component determines potential split points in the chat basedon the Gaussian mixture model. According to one embodiment, theelectronic chat splitter component determines the Gaussian distributionrepresented by the Gaussian mixture model that has the highest meanvalue and identifies split points based on the datapoints that have thehighest probability for the Gaussian distribution with the highest meanvalue.

FIG. 3C illustrates a set of potential split points, including splitpoint 402, split point 404, split point 406, split point 408, splitpoint 410, split point 412, split point 414, and split point 416. Splitpoint 402 indicates for example, that the chat should potentially besplit before the message corresponding to datapoint 306 such thatmessage₁-message₃ are in the one conversation and message₄ is the firstmessage in a new conversation. According to one embodiment, the splitpoints are selected because the corresponding datapoint x_(i) has thehighest probability for the highest mean value Gaussian distribution ofa Gaussian mixture model that models the data of FIG. 3A.

Additional message splitting rules may also be applied. For example, itmay be desired in some embodiments that a conversation have at least aminimum number of messages. According to one embodiment, if a proposedsplit point would result in a conversation with less than a requirednumber of messages, the proposed split point may be ignored whensplitting the chat into conversations.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating one embodiment of a method forprocessing an electronic chat. The method of FIG. 4 may be implementedthrough execution of computer readable program code embodied on anon-transitory computer readable medium.

The electronic chat splitter component receives an electronic chat—byway of example, but not limitation, an XML file or XML stream—thatincludes any number of messages by any number of participants, over apotentially large period of time (step 502). In some embodiments, theelectronic chat splitter component applies rules to determine whether tosplit the electronic chat into multiple conversations (step 504). Forexample, the electronic chat splitter component may be configured toonly split electronic chats that have greater than a threshold number ofmessages, are larger than a particular size or meet other criteria.

As discussed above, the electronic chat splitting component according tosome embodiments splits electronic chats based on the time gaps betweenthe messages in the electronic chat. To this end, the time gaps betweenadjacent messages can be determined to produce a series of datapointscomprising the time gaps (step 506).

The electronic chat splitter component can then determine a statisticalmodel of the time gaps. According to one embodiment, the electronic chatsplitter component determines a Gaussian distribution of the timegaps—that is, it determines the standard deviation (σ) or variance (σ²)and mean (μ) of the time gaps from the chat (step 508).

The electronic chat splitter component, according to one embodiment,also learns one or more Gaussian mixture models from the time gap datadetermined from the chat (step 510). The Gaussian mixture model maymodel any number of Gaussian components—that is, Gaussiandistributions—and the electronic chat splitter component may learn anynumber of Gaussian mixture models.

In the embodiment illustrated, the electronic chat splitter componentlearns Gaussian mixture models that model from two Gaussiandistributions to a max number of Gaussian distributions. If the maximumnumber of Gaussian components is set to five, for example, theelectronic chat splitter component learns a Gaussian mixture modelmodelling two Gaussian distributions (k=2), a Gaussian mixture modelmodelling three Gaussian distributions (k=3), a Gaussian mixture modelmodelling four Gaussian distributions (k=4), and a Gaussian mixturemodel modelling five Gaussian distributions (k=5), resulting in sixmodels: the single Gaussian distribution determined at step 508 and thefive Gaussian mixture models determined at step 510.

A Gaussian mixture model of k Gaussians may be represented by:

${p\left( {x{❘{\mu,\sigma}}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{{i \in {\lbrack{0,k}}})}{\pi_{i}{N\left( {x,\mu_{i},\sigma_{i}} \right)}}}$where π_(i) is a weighting factor for the i^(th) Gaussian N representedby the model, x represents data, μ_(i) represents the mean of the i^(th)Gaussian and σ_(i) is the standard deviation for the i^(th) Gaussian.For each Gaussian distribution in a Gaussian mixture model, the chatsplitter component learns a standard deviation (σ_(i)) or variance(σ_(i) ²), mean (μ_(i)) and weighting factor (π_(i)). For example, for aGaussian mixture model that represents the mixture of two Gaussiandistributions (k=2), the chat splitter component learns (σ₀, μ₀, π₀) forthe first Gaussian distribution and (σ₁, μ₂, π₁) for the second Gaussiandistribution.

Expectation Maximization (EM) techniques can be used to learn theGaussian distributions of the Gaussian mixture model. As will beappreciated, training a Gaussian mixture model using EM often beginswith a “guess” of standard deviation (σ) or variance (σ²), mean (μ) foreach distribution represented by the model. For example, for a Gaussianmixture model that represents the mixture of two Gaussian distributions,the chat splitter component begins with a guess for (σ₀, μ₀, π₀) and aguess for (σ₁λ₁, π₁). The guesses may be hardcoded, determined from thedata through various techniques known or developed in the art, providedby configuration, or otherwise determined. According to one embodiment,the electronic chat splitter component determines the mean and variancefor the single Gaussian distribution and “guesses” the means andvariances for the Gaussian components of a Gaussian mixture model bymoving the mean and scaling the variance from the single Gaussiandistribution.

In the expectation step, the current means, standard deviations, andweighting factors for the Gaussian distributions of the mixture modelare used to determine the probabilities that each Gaussian of theGaussian mixture model is responsible for a datapoint (referred to asresponsibilities). A responsibility is calculated for each time gapdatapoint for each Gaussian of the mixture model being learned. Forexample, when learning a mixture model that represents two Gaussiandistributions using one hundred datapoints, the expectation stepgenerates two hundred responsibilities, one for each datapoint for eachGaussian. In the maximization step, the responsibilities for thedatapoints with respect to each Gaussian curve are used to improve theguess of each Gaussian distribution's mean, standard deviation and theweighting factor and thus learn better values for (σ₀, μ₀, π₀) . . .(σ_(k-1), μ_(k-1), π_(k-1)).

The values for means, standard deviations and the weighting factorslearned in an iteration of the maximization step can then be used as thecurrent values for the means, standard deviations, and weighting factorsfor the Gaussian distributions of the mixture model in a next iterationof the EM steps. The EM steps can be repeated until a stopping conditionis reached, such as a certain number of iterations being performed, themean, a convergence condition is reached, or another condition is met.At the end of learning a Gaussian mixture model, the electronic chatsplitter component may thus include a Gaussian mixture model comprisinga trained (σ, μ, π) for each Gaussian distribution represented by themixture model. Again, step 510 can be repeated to learn multipleGaussian mixture models.

The chat splitter component applies model selection criteria to select amodel of the chat (step 512). According to one embodiment, the modelsgenerated at step 508 and step 510 are compared using the BayesianInformation Criterion (BIC). In some embodiments, a weighting criterionin the BIC computation can be configured to control the sensitivity ofsplits to prevent or reduce awkward splits (e.g., splits in which only asingle message or only some other small number of messages is split intoa conversation). According to one embodiment, the weighting criterionadds a penalty to Gaussians with more mixtures thus reducing thelikelihood of splits in general. This is a soft parameter as splitsstill may happen if the data suggests them. One mechanism of applyingweighting criterion using a BIC criterion is described in Robust SpeakerDiarization for Meetings, PhD Thesis, Xavier Anguera Miro, SpeechProcessing Group, Department of Signal Theory and Communications,Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2006, which is herebyfully incorporated by reference herein(http://www.xavieranguera.com/phdthesis/).

According to one embodiment, the BIC expression can be stated as:

${{BIC}\left( M_{i} \right)} = {{\log{\mathcal{L}\left( {X_{i},M_{i}} \right)}} - {\lambda\frac{1}{2}\#\left( M_{i} \right){\log\left( N_{i} \right)}}}$where, X_(i) is an observation sequence (x_(i) is one particular vectorvalue), N_(i) is the total number of observations in the sequence, M_(i)is a model with a certain number of free parameters to estimate from thedata, given by #(M_(i)), which accounts for the complexity of the model,log

(X_(i), N_(i)) is the log-likelihood of the data given the consideredmodel, λ is a design parameter (weighting criterion) that may beoptimized to change the effect of the penalty term.

The electronic chat splitter component determines whether to split thechat into multiple conversations based on the model selected (step 514).If the single Gaussian distribution determined at step 508 is selectedat step 512, then the entire chat is stored as a single entity (e.g.,single document) (step 515). If a Gaussian mixture model representingthe mixture of k Gaussian distributions is selected, an initialdetermination of the potential conversations can be made (step 516). Forexample, potential split points may be determined.

According to one embodiment, the electronic chat splitter splits thechat into conversations based on the time delay data and the selectedGaussian mixture model.

In some embodiments, the electronic chat splitter component applies textanalysis at step 517 based on conversation splits applied in step 516.In other embodiments, the text analysis is not performed. Additionalrules may be applied to further determine how the chat is split intoconversations (step 518). As one example, rules may be applied toprevent a conversation from having less than a threshold number ofmessages or to prevent splitting the last message (or some number ofmessages) into a separate conversation. For example, if a potentialsplit point would result in either a conversation immediately before thepotential split point or a conversation immediately after the potentialsplit point having less than a minimum number of messages, theelectronic chat split can ignore the potential split point. If thepotential split point would not violate the rules, the potential splitpoint can be used as an actual split point.

Awkward splits (e.g., a single message or some other small number ofmessages split from the rest) may be avoided through a variety ofmechanisms. For example, the minimum number of messages of any resultconversation can be configured. According to one embodiment, a weightingfactor in the BIC computation can be configured to control thesensitivity of splits.

The electronic chat splitter component splits the conversation at thedetermined actual split points and stores the conversations determinedfrom the chat (step 520). According to one embodiment, the electronicchat splitter stores each conversation as a separate file or other datastructures for further processing. Even more particularly, in someembodiments, each conversation is stored as a separately indexable datastructure. A common identifier can be stored (e.g., in conversationmetadata) to link conversations so that all conversations created fromthe same root chat can be located.

FIG. 4 is provided by way of example and not limitation. Various stepsmay be repeated, steps performed in different orders, steps omitted, andadditional or alternative steps performed.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of splitting a chat(e.g., at step 516). The method of FIG. 5 may be implemented throughexecution of computer readable program code embodied on a non-transitorycomputer readable medium.

As discussed below, adaptive splitting may be based on a highest meanvalue distribution from the mixture of Gaussian distributionsrepresented by the Gaussian mixture model. Thus, at step 601, theelectronic chat splitter determines the Gaussian distribution from theGaussian mixture model that has the highest mean (μ) value. Thedistribution from the Gaussian mixture model that has the highest meanvalue represents the largest time gaps with the chat document, which maybe assumed to be breaks between conversations.

The electronic chat splitter component can iterate or otherwise processthe time gaps determined for the set of messages in the electronic chat.In the illustrated embodiment, a datapoint x_(i) representing a time gapbetween adjacent messages is selected (step 602).

According to one embodiment, the electronic chat splitter componentdetermines the probability that the selected datapoint x_(i) belongs toeach Gaussian represented by the selected Gaussian mixture model (step604). For example, if the Gaussian mixture model selected at step 512represents the mixture of two Gaussian distributions, the electronicchat splitter component determines the probability that the selecteddatapoint x_(i) belongs to each of the two Gaussian distributionsrepresented by the Gaussian mixture model, thus producing a set ofprobabilities for the datapoint x_(i).

The electronic chat splitter component determines if a time gaprepresents a change in conversation (step 606). According to onembodiment, if x_(i) has the highest probability for the Gaussiandistribution with the highest mean value, the electronic chat splitteridentifies x_(i) as representing a potential split point (step 608). Ifthe potential split point is used as an actual split point (e.g., basedon rules applied at step 518), message_(i) can be determined to be thefirst message of a new conversation. If the highest probability forx_(i) does not correspond to the Gaussian distribution with the largestmean value, x_(i) is not identified as representing a potential splitpoint.

According to one embodiment, the steps may be repeated for each of thetime gap datapoints corresponding to the chat. In some embodiments, theelectronic chat splitting component will stop adaptive splitting whenless than some threshold number of datapoints remains to ensure that aconversation with only a single message (or some other small number ofmessages) is not created.

FIG. 5 is provided by way of example and not limitation. Various stepsmay be repeated, steps performed in different orders, steps omitted, andadditional or alternative steps performed.

As discussed, in some embodiments, the electronic chat splitter appliestext analysis at step 517 on conversation splits applied in step 516.When combined with the time gap Gaussian analysis discussed hereinabove, the text analysis can provide additional insight for splittingthe chat into conversations. As shown in FIG. 6 , an electronic chat 630is portrayed as comprising a set of chat messages characterized by atime (e.g., calendar date 632 and time 637), and a chat user 639 for achat message 635 in the electronic chat 630.

In the hypothetical example of FIG. 6 , a time gap Gaussian analysis canbe applied to determine an initial set of chat 630 message splits,resulting in two conversations 640 and 650. The time gap Gaussian-basedsplit (e.g., step 516 of FIG. 5 ), in this example, results in twopotential conversations, which occur on different calendar dates,namely, Jun. 15, 2021, and Jun. 17, 2021. With the addition of a textanalysis on the conversations, the chat messages may be furtherdifferentiated by chat subject matter. In this non-limiting embodiment,three subject matters are computed, namely, “legal language”,“trademark”, and “patent”. Such chat subject matter identification inthe text analysis step 517 may be performed by a text-mining andclassification engine.

At step 517 of FIG. 5 , the electronic chat splitter component furtherprocesses the messages corresponding to the two potential conversations640, 650 to determine whether to sub-split the conversations based onchat subject matter. Here, as a result of the text analysis, theelectronic chat splitter component further splits conversation 650 intotwo sub-conversations 651 and 660, wherein conversation 651's chatsubject matter equals “trademark” and conversation 660's chat subjectmatter equals “patents”.

Thus, as will be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art,the combination of time gap Gaussian analysis and text analysis on achat can result in a more precise, accurate, and useful split intoconversations 640, 651, and 660. It should be understood that the orderof chat splitting may be reversed wherein text analysis step 517 isfirst performed and then enhanced by the Gaussian-based analysis.Furthermore, some embodiments may perform only the text analysis in step517. FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of acomputing environment 700. In the illustrated embodiment, computingenvironment 700 includes a computer system 702 that connects toelectronic chat system 704 and electronic chat system 706 via a network708. For the purpose of illustration, a single system is shown forcomputer system 702, electronic chat system 704 and electronic chatsystem 706. However, each of computer system 702, electronic chat system704 and electronic chat system 706 may comprise a plurality of computers(not shown) interconnected to each other over network 708.

Computer system 702 comprises a computer processor 710 and associatedmemory 714. Computer processor 710 may be an integrated circuit forprocessing instructions. For example, computer processor 710 maycomprise one or more cores or micro-cores of a processor. Memory 714 mayinclude volatile memory, non-volatile memory, semi-volatile memory or acombination thereof. Memory 714, for example, may include RAM, ROM,flash memory, a hard disk drive, a solid-state drive, an optical storagemedium (e.g., CD-ROM), or other computer-readable memory or combinationthereof. Memory 714 may implement a storage hierarchy that includescache memory, primary memory or secondary memory. In some embodiments,memory 714 may include storage space on a data storage array. Computersystem 702 may also include input/output (“I/O”) devices 718, such as akeyboard, monitor, printer, electronic pointing device (e.g., mouse,trackball, stylus, etc.), or the like. Computer system 702 may alsoinclude a communication interface 719, such as a network interface card,to interface with network 708, which may be a local LAN, a WAN such asthe Internet, mobile network, or other type of network or combinationthereof. Network 708 may represent a combination of wired and wirelessnetworks that may be utilized for various types of networkcommunications.

Memory 714 may store instructions executable by computer processor 710.For example, memory 714 may include code executable to provide anelectronic chat splitter component. In some embodiments, memory 714provides instructions for an e-discovery system. Thus, computer system702 may be one embodiment of an e-discovery computer system 100. Datastore 720, which may be part of or separate from memory 714, maycomprise one or more database systems, file store systems, or othersystems to store various data used by computer system 702.

Each of the computers in FIG. 7 may have more than one CPU, ROM, RAM,HD, I/O, or other hardware components. Portions of the methods describedherein may be implemented in suitable software code that may residewithin memory 714 or other computer-readable memory.

Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the embodimentscan be implemented or practiced in a variety of computer systemconfigurations including, without limitation, multi-processor systems,network devices, mini-computers, mainframe computers, data processors,and the like. Embodiments can be employed in distributed computingenvironments, where tasks or modules are performed by remote processingdevices, which are linked through a communications network such as aLAN, WAN, and/or the Internet. In a distributed computing environment,program modules or subroutines may be located in both local and remotememory storage devices. These program modules or subroutines may, forexample, be stored or distributed on computer-readable media, stored asfirmware in chips, as well as distributed electronically over theInternet or over other networks (including wireless networks). Examplechips may include Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory(EEPROM) chips.

Embodiments described herein can be implemented in the form of controllogic in software or hardware or a combination of both. The controllogic may be stored in an information storage medium, such as acomputer-readable medium, as a plurality of instructions adapted todirect an information processing device to perform a set of stepsdisclosed in the various embodiments. Based on the disclosure andteachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the invention. Steps,operations, methods, routines or portions thereof described herein beimplemented using a variety of hardware, such as CPUs, applicationspecific integrated circuits, programmable logic devices, fieldprogrammable gate arrays, optical, chemical, biological, quantum ornanoengineered systems, or other mechanisms.

Software instructions in the form of computer-readable program code maybe stored, in whole or in part, temporarily or permanently, on anon-transitory computer-readable medium. The computer-readable programcode can be operated on by a processor to perform steps, operations,methods, routines or portions thereof described herein. A“computer-readable medium” is a medium capable of storing data in aformat readable by a computer and can include any type of data storagemedium that can be read by a processor. Examples of non-transitorycomputer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, volatileand non-volatile computer memories, such as RAM, ROM, hard drives, solidstate drives, data cartridges, magnetic tapes, floppy diskettes, flashmemory drives, optical data storage devices, compact-disc read-onlymemories. In some embodiments, computer-readable instructions or datamay reside in a data array, such as a direct attach array or otherarray. The computer-readable instructions may be executable by aprocessor to implement embodiments of the technology or portionsthereof.

A “processor” includes any hardware system, mechanism or component thatprocesses data, signals or other information. A processor can include asystem with a general-purpose central processing unit, multipleprocessing units, dedicated circuitry for achieving functionality, orother systems. Processing need not be limited to a geographic locationor have temporal limitations. For example, a processor can perform itsfunctions in “real-time,” “offline,” in a “batch mode,” etc. Portions ofprocessing can be performed at different times and at differentlocations, by different (or the same) processing systems.

Different programming techniques can be employed such as procedural orobject oriented. Any suitable programming language can be used toimplement the routines, methods or programs of embodiments of theinvention described herein, including R, Python, C, C++, Java,JavaScript, HTML, or any other programming or scripting code, etc.Communications between computers implementing embodiments can beaccomplished using any electronic, optical, radio frequency signals, orother suitable methods and tools of communication in compliance withknown network protocols.

Any particular routine can execute on a single computer processingdevice or multiple computer processing devices, a single computerprocessor or multiple computer processors. Data may be stored in asingle storage medium or distributed through multiple storage mediums.In some embodiments, data may be stored in multiple databases, multiplefilesystems or a combination thereof.

Although the steps, operations, or computations may be presented in aspecific order, this order may be changed in different embodiments. Insome embodiments, some steps may be omitted. Further, in someembodiments, additional or alternative steps may be performed. In someembodiments, to the extent multiple steps are shown as sequential inthis specification, some combination of such steps in alternativeembodiments may be performed at the same time. The sequence ofoperations described herein can be interrupted, suspended, or otherwisecontrolled by another process, such as an operating system, kernel, etc.The routines can operate in an operating system environment or asstand-alone routines. Functions, routines, methods, steps and operationsdescribed herein can be performed in hardware, software, firmware or anycombination thereof.

It will be appreciated that one or more of the elements depicted in thedrawings/figures can also be implemented in a more separated orintegrated manner, or even removed or rendered as inoperable in certaincases, as is useful in accordance with a particular application.Additionally, any signal arrows in the drawings/figures should beconsidered only as exemplary, and not limiting, unless otherwisespecifically noted.

In the description herein, numerous specific details are provided, suchas examples of components and/or methods, to provide a thoroughunderstanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in therelevant art will recognize, however, that an embodiment may be able tobe practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with otherapparatus, systems, assemblies, methods, components, materials, parts,and/or the like. In other instances, well-known structures, components,systems, materials, or operations are not specifically shown ordescribed in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of embodiments of theinvention. While the invention may be illustrated by using a particularembodiment, this is not and does not limit the invention to anyparticular embodiment and a person of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize that additional embodiments are readily understandable and area part of this invention.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having,” or any other variation thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process,product, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is notnecessarily limited to only those elements but may include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, product,article, or apparatus.

Furthermore, the term “or” as used herein is generally intended to mean“and/or” unless otherwise indicated. For example, a condition A or B issatisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B isfalse (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (orpresent), and both A and B are true (or present). As used herein, a termpreceded by “a” or “an” (and “the” when antecedent basis is “a” or “an”)includes both singular and plural of such term, unless clearly indicatedwithin the claim otherwise (i.e., that the reference “a” or “an” clearlyindicates only the singular or only the plural). Also, as used in thedescription herein and throughout the meaning of “in” includes “in” and“on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment”, “anembodiment”, or “a specific embodiment” or similar terminology meansthat a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described inconnection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodimentand may not necessarily be present in all embodiments. Thus, respectiveappearances of the phrases “in one embodiment”, “in an embodiment”, or“in a specific embodiment” or similar terminology in various placesthroughout this specification are not necessarily referring to the sameembodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, orcharacteristics of any particular embodiment may be combined in anysuitable manner with one or more other embodiments. It is to beunderstood that other variations and modifications of the embodimentsdescribed and illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachingsherein and are to be considered as part of the spirit and scope of theinvention.

Additionally, any examples or illustrations given herein are not to beregarded in any way as restrictions on, limits to, or expressdefinitions of, any term or terms with which they are utilized. Instead,these examples or illustrations are to be regarded as being describedwith respect to one particular embodiment and as illustrative only.Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any term orterms with which these examples or illustrations are utilized willencompass other embodiments which may or may not be given therewith orelsewhere in the specification and all such embodiments are intended tobe included within the scope of that term or terms. Language designatingsuch nonlimiting examples and illustrations includes, but is not limitedto: “for example,” “for instance,” “e.g.,” “in one embodiment.”

Thus, while the invention has been described with respect to specificembodiments thereof, these embodiments are merely illustrative, and notrestrictive of the invention. Rather, the description (including theAbstract and Summary) is intended to describe illustrative embodiments,features and functions in order to provide a person of ordinary skill inthe art context to understand the invention without limiting theinvention to any particularly described embodiment, feature or function,including any such embodiment feature or function described. Whilespecific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention are describedherein for illustrative purposes only, various equivalent modificationsare possible within the spirit and scope of the invention, as thoseskilled in the relevant art will recognize and appreciate.

As indicated, these modifications may be made to the invention in lightof the foregoing description of illustrated embodiments of the inventionand are to be included within the spirit and scope of the invention.Thus, while the invention has been described herein with reference toparticular embodiments thereof, a latitude of modification, variouschanges and substitutions are intended in the foregoing disclosures, andit will be appreciated that in some instances some features ofembodiments of the invention will be employed without a correspondinguse of other features without departing from the scope and spirit of theinvention as set forth. Therefore, many modifications may be made toadapt a particular situation or material to the essential scope andspirit of the invention.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have beendescribed above with regard to specific embodiments. However, thebenefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any component(s) thatmay cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become morepronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essentialfeature or component.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of facilitating electronic chatproduction, comprising: receiving, by an electronic discovery systemexecuting on a computer processor, an electronic chat comprising a setof electronic chat messages, each of the electronic chat messages in theset of electronic chat messages having a timestamp; determining a set oftime gaps between the electronic chat messages from the set ofelectronic chat messages; determining a set of models that model the setof time gaps, wherein determining the set of models comprises:determining a single Gaussian distribution of the set of time gaps; anddetermining, using the set of time gaps, a Gaussian mixture modelrepresenting a mixture of Gaussian distributions; selecting the Gaussianmixture model as an optimum model from the set of models; and performingan adaptive splitting of the set of electronic chat messages into a setof conversations at least in part based on a Gaussian distributionrepresented by the Gaussian mixture model having the highest mean value.2. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the electronic chatcomprising the set of electronic chat messages is based on a chat querycriterion.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the Gaussianmixture model representing the mixture of Gaussian distributionscomprises: learning the Gaussian mixture model by modeling a mixture ofGaussian distributions.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein learning theGaussian mixture model further comprises: setting a maximum number ofGaussian components; and modeling a set of Gaussian distributions from 2through the maximum number of Gaussian components.
 5. The method ofclaim 3, wherein learning the Gaussian mixture model further comprises:using an expectation maximization technique to learn the Gaussiandistributions of the Gaussian mixture model.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein selecting the Gaussian mixture model as the optimum model fromthe set of models further comprises: determining a Bayesian informationcriterion for each model in the set of models and selecting the Gaussianmixture model from the set of models based on the Bayesian informationcriteria for the set of models.
 7. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising, by the electronic discovery system; determining a highestmean value distribution from the mixture of Gaussian distributions ofthe Gaussian mixture model, wherein performing the adaptive splittingcomprises: adaptively splitting of the set of electronic chat messagesinto the set of conversations based on the Gaussian mixture model,comprising: selecting a time gap from the set of time gaps; determininga probability of the selected time gap for each Gaussian distribution inthe mixture of Gaussian distributions to produce a set of probabilitiesfor the selected time gap; and based on a determination that a highestprobability from the set of probabilities for the selected time gap isfor the highest mean value distribution, splitting the electronic chatbased on the selected time gap to produce the set of conversations.
 8. Acomputer program product comprising a non-transitory, computer-readablemedium storing a set of computer executable instructions, the set ofcomputer executable instructions including instructions for: receiving,by an electronic discovery system executing on a computer processor, anelectronic chat comprising a set of electronic chat messages, each ofthe electronic chat messages in the set of electronic chat messageshaving a timestamp; determining a set of time gaps between theelectronic chat messages from the set of electronic chat messages;determining a set of models that model the set of time gaps, whereindetermining the set of models comprises: determining a single Gaussiandistribution of the set of time gaps; and determining, using the set oftime gaps, a Gaussian mixture model representing a mixture of Gaussiandistributions; selecting an optimum model from the set of models; basedon selecting the single Gaussian distribution as the optimum model,determining that the electronic chat comprises a single electronic chatmessage; and based on selecting the Gaussian mixture model as theoptimum model, performing an adaptive splitting of the set of electronicchat messages into a set of conversations at least in part based on aGaussian distribution represented by the Gaussian mixture model havingthe highest mean value.
 9. The computer program product of claim 8,wherein receiving the electronic chat comprising the set of electronicchat messages is based on a chat query criterion.
 10. The computerprogram product of claim 8, wherein determining the Gaussian mixturemodel representing the mixture of Gaussian distributions comprises:learning the Gaussian mixture model by modeling a mixture of Gaussiandistributions.
 11. The computer program product of claim 10, whereinlearning the Gaussian mixture model further comprises: setting a maximumnumber of Gaussian components; and modeling a set of Gaussiandistributions from 2 through the maximum number of Gaussian components.12. The computer program product of claim 10, wherein learning theGaussian mixture model further comprises: using an expectationmaximization technique to learn the Gaussian distributions of theGaussian mixture model.
 13. The computer program product of claim 8wherein selecting the optimum model from the set of models furthercomprises: determining a Bayesian information criterion for each modelin the set of models and selecting the optimum model from the set ofmodels based on the Bayesian information criteria for the set of models.14. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the set ofcomputer-executable instructions comprises instructions for determining,by the electronic discovery system, a highest mean value distributionfrom the mixture of Gaussian distributions of the Gaussian mixturemodel, wherein performing the adaptive splitting comprises: adaptivelysplitting of the set of electronic chat messages into the set ofconversations based on the Gaussian mixture model, comprising selectinga time gap from the set of time gaps; determining a probability of theselected time gap for each Gaussian distribution in the mixture ofGaussian distributions to produce a set of probabilities for theselected time gap; and based on a determination that a highestprobability from the set of probabilities for the selected time gap isfor the highest mean value distribution, splitting the electronic chatbased on the selected time gap to produce the set of conversations. 15.An electronic discovery system comprising: a processor; anon-transitory, computer-readable medium storing a set of computerexecutable instructions that are executable by the processor, the set ofcomputer executable instructions including instructions for: receivingan electronic chat comprising a set of electronic chat messages, each ofthe electronic chat messages in the set of electronic chat messageshaving a timestamp; determining a set of time gaps between theelectronic chat messages from the set of electronic chat messages;determining a set of models that model the set of time gaps, whereindetermining the set of models comprises: determining a single Gaussiandistribution of the set of time gaps; and determining, using the set oftime gaps, a Gaussian mixture model representing a mixture of Gaussiandistributions; selecting an optimum model from the set of models; basedon selecting the single Gaussian distribution as the optimum model,determining that the electronic chat comprises a single electronic chatmessage; and based on selecting the Gaussian mixture model as theoptimum model, performing an adaptive splitting of the set of electronicchat messages into a set of conversations at least in part based on aGaussian distribution represented by the Gaussian mixture model havingthe highest mean value.
 16. The electronic discovery system of claim 15,wherein receiving the electronic chat comprising the set of electronicchat messages is based on a chat query criterion.
 17. The electronicdiscovery system of claim 15, wherein determining the Gaussian mixturemodel representing the mixture of Gaussian distributions comprises:learning the Gaussian mixture model by modeling a mixture of Gaussiandistributions.
 18. The electronic discovery system of claim 17, whereinlearning the Gaussian mixture model further comprises: setting a maximumnumber of Gaussian components; and modeling a set of Gaussiandistributions from 2 through the maximum number of Gaussian components.19. The electronic discovery system of claim 18, wherein learning theGaussian mixture model further comprises: using an expectationmaximization technique to learn the Gaussian distributions of theGaussian mixture model.
 20. The electronic discovery system of claim 15wherein selecting the optimum model from the set of models furthercomprises: determining a Bayesian information criterion for each modelin the set of models and selecting the optimum model from the set ofmodels based on the Bayesian information criteria for the set of models.21. The electronic discovery system of claim 15, wherein the set ofcomputer-executable instructions comprises instructions for determining,by the electronic discovery system, a highest mean value distributionfrom the mixture of Gaussian distributions of the Gaussian mixturemodel, wherein performing the adaptive splitting comprises: adaptivelysplitting of the set of electronic chat messages into the set ofconversations based on the Gaussian mixture model, comprising selectinga time gap from the set of time gaps; determining a probability of theselected time gap for each Gaussian distribution in the mixture ofGaussian distributions to produce a set of probabilities for theselected time gap; and based on a determination that a highestprobability from the set of probabilities for the selected time gap isfor the highest mean value distribution, splitting the electronic chatbased on the selected time gap to produce the set of conversations.